Alkaline cell with performance enhancing additives

ABSTRACT

Alkaline electrochemical cells having extended service life and acceptable gassing and corrosion properties are disclosed. An amphoteric surfactant can be incorporated into the gelled anode mixture of an alkaline electrochemical cell, optionally with an organic phosphate ester surfactant or a sulfonic acid type organic surfactant or both. Zinc particles having a defined distribution of particle sizes can also be incorporated into a zinc anode. The electrolyte included in the anode mixture can have a reduced hydroxide concentration.

CROSS-REFERENCE TO RELATED APPLICATIONS

[0001] This is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 10/375,381, filed Feb. 27, 2003, which is a continuation-in-part of U.S. Ser. No. 10/090,137, filed Feb. 27, 2002, both of which are entitled “Alkaline Cell with Gassing Inhibitors”, the disclosures of which are hereby incorporated by reference as if set forth in their entirety herein.

STATEMENT REGARDING FEDERALLY SPONSORED RESEARCH OR DEVELOPMENT

[0002] Not yet determined.

BACKGROUND OF THE INVENTION

[0003] Zinc anode gels of alkaline electrochemical cells are prone to electrochemical corrosion reactions when stored at or above room temperature. The alkaline electrolyte in the anode gel corrodes the zinc anode upon contact, forming oxidized zinc products that decrease the availability of active zinc while simultaneously generating hydrogen gas. The rate of corrosion tends to increase as the electrolyte is made more dilute and as the storage temperature rises and can lead to a significant decrease in cell capacity. Cell discharge performance, on the other hand, can be improved making the electrolyte increasingly diluted. It is thus desirable to suppress gas generation when using diluted alkaline electrolytes for increased performance. The additional water aids in the following cathodic reaction:

2MnO₂+2H₂O+2e⁻→2MnOOH+2OH⁻ (for MnO₂ cell)  (1)

½O₂+H₂O+2e⁻→2OH⁻ (for zinc-air cell)

[0004] However, lowering the hydroxide concentration in the electrolyte can cause the anode to become over-diluted and depleted in hydroxide ions which are needed to sustain the anodic cell reaction:

Zn+4OH⁻→Zn(OH)₄ ²⁻+2e⁻  (2)

[0005] The depletion of hydroxide ions can become prominent during medium and high continuous discharge rates and induce depressed cell performance due to anode failure in these cases. Furthermore, when the electrolyte is saturated with zincate Zn(OH)₄ ²⁻ produced in the above reaction, the zincate precipitates to form zinc oxide which, in turn, passivates the zinc anode, thereby lowering cell performance. Conventional zinc powders contain particles having a wide distribution of particle sizes ranging from a few microns to about 1000 microns, with most of the particle size distribution ranging between 25 microns and 500 microns. To achieve proper discharge of such conventional zinc powders, a KOH concentration above 34% is conventionally used. At lower concentrations, insufficient KOH is available to the anode and can lead to passivation. Nevertheless, lower electrolyte concentrations are desired because of lower ionic resistance that brings about higher cell operating voltage.

[0006] Additionally, hydrogen gas generated during corrosion reactions can increase the internal cell pressure, cause electrolyte leakage and disrupt cell integrity. The rate at which the hydrogen gas is generated at the anode zinc surface accelerates when the battery is partially discharged, thereby decreasing the battery's resistance to electrolyte leakage. The electrochemical corrosion reactions that lead to hydrogen evolution involve cathodic and anodic sites on the zinc anode surface. Such sites can include surface and bulk metal impurities, surface lattice features, grain boundary features, lattice defects, point defects, and inclusions.

[0007] To minimize undesirable corrosion and gassing during storage, it is typical to employ corrosion-resistant zinc alloys and to reduce the extent of impurities in the anode. Additionally, organic surfactants and inorganic corrosion-inhibiting agents are commonly added to zinc anodes. Surfactants act at the anode-electrolyte interface by forming a hydrophobic film that protects the zinc anode surface during storage. The inhibitive efficiency of surfactants to increase the corrosion resistance of zinc depends on their chemical structure, concentration, and their stability in the electrolyte.

[0008] Among the surfactants known to be effective at controlling gassing are organic phosphate esters such as the ethylene oxide-adduct type disclosed by Rossler et al. in U.S. Pat. No. 4,195,120, incorporated herein by reference. In U.S. Pat. No. 4,777,100, Chalilpoyil et al. disclosed an anode containing single crystal zinc particles with a surface-active heteropolar ethylene oxide additive including organic phosphate esters. In U.S. Pat. No. 5,378,559, Randell et al. disclose a galvanic cell that contains a phosphate ester compound to reduce gassing attributed to the brass anode current collector.

[0009] Despite their ability to control gel gassing and cell gassing, organic phosphate ester corrosion-inhibiting surfactants also typically decrease high rate discharge performance in electrochemical cells and can adversely affect intermittent cell discharge performance. It is believed that discharge performance suffers as a result of anode failed caused by a combination of zinc passivation, hydroxide ion depletion, and reduction in hydroxide ion diffusion. Therefore, new approaches are sought for inhibiting corrosion and preventing leakage without simultaneously reducing high rate cell discharge performance. At the same time, it is also of interest to develop new classes of corrosion-inhibiting surfactants for use in gelled anodes of alkaline electrochemical cells. Still further, extension of service life by chemical and physical modifications to the anode without sacrificing improvements in corrosion resistance and electrochemical behavior are also highly sought.

BRIEF SUMMARY OF THE INVENTION

[0010] The present invention is summarized in that acceptable gel gassing levels are maintained when the gel of an alkaline electrochemical cell contains a surfactant having the general formula Y SOx⁻ where preferably x=3 or x=4 and Y preferably is selected from an alkyl group, an aryl group, an alkylaryl group, and a carboxy acid group [(CH₂)_(n)—COO⁻], or a salt of any of the foregoing, where the number of carbon atoms, n, in an alkyl chain preferably ranges from 1 to about 26. To the knowledge of the inventors, sulfonated or sulfated acid type surfactants have not previously been employed in gelled anodes, but are shown herein to effectively help inhibit discharge leakage and to maintain cell integrity.

[0011] The invention is further summarized in that unexpected and advantageous benefits are recognized when the aforementioned acid type surfactant or salt thereof is used in combination with a phosphate ester surfactant that can be added to the gelled anode in an amount ranging from 0.0003% to 0.02%. For example, cell reliability can be maintained and cell gassing can be suppressed.

[0012] The invention is further summarized in that unexpected and advantageous benefits are recognized when the aforementioned acid type surfactant or salt thereof is used in combination with a phosphate ester surfactant when zinc particles are added to the gelled anode. For example, cell performance can be increased and cell gassing can be suppressed.

[0013] The invention is further summarized in that unexpected and advantageous benefits are recognized when the aforementioned acid type surfactant or salt thereof is used in combination with a phosphate ester surfactant when the gel contains an electrolyte having a hydroxide concentration less than 40%. For example, cell performance can be increased and cell gassing can be suppressed.

[0014] The present invention is also summarized in that service life of a cell of the invention is improved by chemical modification to the anode. Accordingly, an anode for an alkaline electrochemical cell of the invention can comprise at least one amphoteric fatty amine surfactant. An amphoteric surfactant has both positively and negatively charged groups and can function as an acid or as a base depending upon the environmental pH. An amphoteric surfactant suitable for use in an anode of the invention is compatible with the strong alkaline electrolyte used in zinc manganese dioxide alkaline cells and can extend service life of the cells at both high and low rate discharge. A suitable amphoteric fatty amine surfactant has the general structure of formula (I), shown in FIG. 1A, wherein R₁ can be an alkyl group having between 8 to 30 unbranched carbon atoms; R₂ can be a short alkyl group having from 1 to about 6 unbranched carbon atoms that can have one or more hydroxyl side groups; R₃ can be selected from a polyethylene oxide group having between 3 to 40 ethylene oxide units and a polypropylene oxide group having from 1 to 10 and, more preferably, from 2 to 5 propylene oxide units; and X can be an anionic acid group, an anionic acid ester, or an alkali metal salt of an anionic acid or acid ester, where the acid is preferably sulfonic, carboxylic or phosphoric acid.

[0015] Preferred compounds having the general formula of Compound (I) include complex amine carboxylates, particularly sodium and potassium salts of polyethoxylated fatty amino carboxylates wherein R₁ contains between 18 to 22 carbon atoms. A compound preferred by the inventors is a steryl amino polyethoxylated carboxylate commercially available from BASF Corporation in approximately 70 percent diluted form under the trade name MAFO® 13.

[0016] In another related embodiment, the invention is further summarized in that an anode that comprises at least one amphoteric surfactant having the general formula of Compound (I) can optionally further comprise at least one amphoteric surfactant having the general formula of compound (II), shown in FIG. 1B, wherein R₄ can be an unbranched alkyl group having from 8 to 30 carbon atoms that forms an aliphatic fatty amine when bound to the nitrogen atom; R₅ can be selected from a polyethylene oxide group having between 3 to 40 ethylene oxide units and a polypropylene oxide group having from 1 to 10 and, more preferably, from 2 to 5 propylene oxide units; R₆, like R₅, can also be a polyethylene oxide group or a polypropylene oxide group, but can also be a hydrogen. An additive having the structure of Compound II can be a tertiary polyethoxylated fatty amine having two polyethylene oxide groups attached to the amine nitrogen.

[0017] In a preferred aspect, the amphoteric surfactant in the anode comprises a blend of one or more polyethoxylated fatty amino carboxylates and one or more polyethoxylated fatty amines. An amphoteric surfactant mixture that comprises compounds having the general formulas of Compounds (I) and (II) and which is suitable for use in an anode of the invention is commercially available under the trade name MAFO® 13 MOD1 from BASF Corporation in approximately 90 percent diluted form. This commercially available amphoteric surfactant mixture is preferred by the inventors for use in anodes of the invention.

[0018] Whether a single amphoteric surfactant or a mixture of amphoteric surfactants is provided, a suitable amount of amphoteric surfactant in the anode is between about 5 and about 1000 ppm relative to zinc weight.

[0019] In yet another aspect of the invention, an anode of the invention that contains an amphoteric surfactant (or an amphoteric surfactant mixture) as described above can optionally also contain either or both of the organic acid type organic surfactant and the phosphate ester surfactant described elsewhere herein, wherein the amphoteric surfactant inhibits corrosion and extends service life of the cell, under both continuous and ANSI discharge conditions. Without intending to be limited to a theory of the invention, it is thought that the combination of surfactants increases availability of hydroxide ion reactants or interferes with processes for forming a passivating film on the surface of the anodic zinc, thereby delaying zinc passivation and resulting anode failure.

[0020] In still another aspect of the invention, it is here disclosed that physical modifications to the anode can also improve cell service life, either alone or in combination with chemical modifications noted above. For example, one can efficiently discharge cells having an advantageously lower concentration of hydroxide ions in the electrolyte than can be used in conventional cells by reducing diffusion resistance for the hydroxide ions. This can be accomplished, for example, by adjusting the zinc particle size distribution to provide in the anode a narrow distribution of similar zinc particle sizes, thereby enhancing porosity (diffusion paths) for the hydroxide ions. In addition to improving diffusion properties, the particle size distributions of this invention also provide the porosity sites for the precipitation of ZnO, thereby delaying anode passivation. This approach is effective for use in the anodes of both manganese dioxide and zinc-air alkaline cells and can be used alone or in combination with other improvements disclosed herein.

[0021] In a related aspect, a suitable zinc particle size distribution is one in which at least 70% of the particles have a standard mesh-sieved particle size within a 100 micron size range and in which the mode of the distribution is between about 100 and about 300 microns. In particular, particle size distributions meeting the above-noted tests and having a mode at 100 microns or at 150 microns or at 200 microns, each plus or minus about 10%, are advantageously used in the invention. It is preferred that 70% of the particles be distributed in a size distribution range even more narrow than 100 microns, for example 50 microns or even 40 microns or less.

[0022] It is an object of the present invention to provide an alkaline electrochemical cell in combination with either or both of zinc particles added to the anode, and an electrolyte having a hydroxide concentration less than 40%.

[0023] It is a further object of the present invention to provide a class of surfactants for reducing gelled anode gassing in an alkaline electrochemical cell in combination with either or both of zinc particles added to the anode, and an electrolyte having a hydroxide concentration less than 40%.

[0024] It is an advantage of the present invention that, when zinc particles are added to the gelled anode mix, gel gassing is controlled in an alkaline electrochemical cell that includes a sulfonic acid type surfactant in the gelled anode mix.

[0025] It is another advantage of the present invention that gel gassing is controlled and cell discharge performance is increased in an alkaline electrochemical cell that includes both a sulfonated or sulfated organic acid type organic surfactant, an organic phosphate ester surfactant, and an electrolyte having a hydroxide concentration less than 40% in the gelled anode mix.

[0026] These and other aspects of the invention are not intended to define the scope of the invention for which purpose claims are provided. In the following description, reference is made to the accompanying drawings, which form a part hereof, and in which there is shown by way of illustration, and not limitation, a preferred embodiment of the invention. Such embodiment does not define the scope of the invention and reference must be made therefore to the claims for this purpose.

BRIEF DESCRIPTION OF THE SEVERAL VIEWS OF THE DRAWINGS

[0027] The following figures are presented, in which:

[0028]FIG. 1A depicts a first suitable amphoteric surfactant for use in an anode of the invention.

[0029]FIG. 1B depicts an optional second suitable amphoteric surfactant for use in an anode surfactant mixture of the invention.

[0030]FIG. 2A is a graph illustrating levels of gassing in an electrochemical cell having varying amounts of Witconate and RM-510 added to its gelled anode mixture;

[0031]FIG. 2B is a graph illustrating the performance of an electrochemical cell having varying amounts of Witconate and RM-510 added to its gelled anode mixture;

[0032]FIG. 2C is a graph illustrating the performance of an electrochemical cell having various inhibitors added to its gelled anode mixture;

[0033]FIG. 3 is a 3-dimensional representation of cell longevity as a function of KOH concentration in the electrolyte and the amount of inhibitor added to the anode;

[0034]FIG. 4 is a graph illustrating the effect of the addition of RM-510 and Witconate to the anode of a cell on cell performance;

[0035]FIG. 5 is a graph illustrating the effect of the addition of RM-510, Witconate, and zinc fines to the anode of a cell on cell performance;

[0036]FIG. 6 is a graph illustrating cell performance as a function of the concentration of zinc fines in the anode; and

[0037]FIG. 7 is a graph illustrating cell performance as a function of the hydroxide concentration of electrolyte used to pre-wet the separator; and

[0038]FIG. 8 is a graph illustrating cell performance of a function of a mix of inhibitors added to the anode.

[0039]FIG. 9 depicts performance of a cell having an anode that comprises an amphoteric surfactant mixture where the cell was discharged at 1 Amp (continuous).

[0040]FIG. 10 depicts performance of a cell having an anode that comprises an amphoteric surfactant mixture where the cell was discharged at 250 mAmp (continuous).

DETAILED DESCRIPTION OF THE INVENTION

[0041] The present invention relates to the use of a sulfonated or sulfated organic acid surfactant alone or in combination with an organic phosphate ester surfactant as well as with at least one amphoteric surfactant to extend the service life of an alkaline electrochemical cell. Physical modification to the anode of an alkaline electrochemical cell can provide still further service life enhancements. The chemical and physical modifications can be provided alone or in combination to achieve a desired service life improvement without unacceptable sacrifice in gassing and discharge performance properties of the cell. In the present invention, the surfactant inhibitor(s) are added into the gelled anode of an alkaline electrochemical cell. The invention further contemplates that the amount of electrolyte present may be reduced, and zinc fine particles (also referred to herein as zinc fines) may be added to the electrolyte, either alone or in combination with each other, and alone or in combination with the inhibitor(s) described herein (e.g., phosphate surfactant and/or sulfonated organic surfactant) to produce improved cell performance.

[0042] A gelled anode mixture, a gelled anode, and an electrochemical cell containing the gelled anode can have the structures of and can be prepared as described in U.S. Pat. No. 6,040,088, incorporated by reference herein as if set for in its entirety, except as detailed below.

[0043] A suitable gelled anode according to the invention comprises a metal alloy powder (preferably an alloyed zinc powder), a gelling agent and an alkaline electrolyte. The skilled artisan can readily select a suitable zinc alloy powder and an alkaline electrolyte from those known to the art. It is noted that known gelling agents other than the sodium polyacrylate gelling agent described in the incorporated patent are suitable for use in the present invention. Such gelling agents include carboxymethyl cellulose, crosslinking-typed branched polyacrylate acid, natural gum, and the like.

[0044] A preferred sulfonated or sulfated organic acid type organic surfactant has the general formula Y SOx⁻ where preferably x=3 or x=4 and Y is preferably selected from an alkyl group, an aryl group, and alkylaryl group, and a carboxy acid group [(CH₂)_(n)—COO⁻], or a salt of any of the foregoing, where the number of carbon atoms, n, in an alkyl chain ranges from 1 to about 26. Among these surfactants, octadecanoic acids, such as oleic acid, and salts thereof are preferred. A particularly preferred agent is a sodium salt of sulfated oleic acid commercially available under the trade name Witconate™ 1840X, Dyasulf 2031, Dymosol 2031, Freedom SOA-70, and Freedom SOA-70WV. Other suitable sulfonated aryl, alkyl aryl, or alkyl compounds include other Witconate surfactants such as Witconate 90FH, Witconate 93S, Witconate 605A, and Witconate 1260.

[0045] The sulfated organic acid type surfactant is advantageously provided in the gelled anode mix at a concentration ranging from between about 0.001% to about 0.06% relative to the weight of the gelled anode (10 ppm and 600 ppm), and more preferably between about 0.002% and about 0.03% (20 ppm and 300 ppm). In the stated ranges, the sulfonated organic surfactant, alone or in combination with an organic phosphate ester surfactant, reduced KOH concentrations and zinc fines added to the anode, provides desirable gel characteristics as described herein. In the stated ranges, and in the presence of a phosphate organic ester, the sulfonated organic surfactant tends to suppress overdischarge leakage while reducing gel gassing and improving on intermittent discharge performance. Overdischarge leakage is reduced by at least 20%, more preferably by at least 50%, and most preferably to 0, relative to cells lacking these surfactants. When an organic phosphate ester surfactant is provided in the gelled anode mix, it is present at a concentration ranging from between about 0.0003% and about 0.02% relative to the weight of the gelled anode (3 ppm and 200 ppm), and more preferably between about 0.0003% and about 0.005% (3 ppm and 50 ppm).

[0046] The invention further contemplates that the amount of inhibitor added to the cell may be expressed as a function of the weight of metal (e.g., zinc) in the anode. In particular, RM-510 is preferably added in the range of 0.0004% to 0.015% relative to the weight of metal in the gelled anode, and more preferably between 0.0004% and 0.0075%. Witconate is preferably added in the range of 0.0015% and 0.09% relative to the weight of metal in the gelled anode, and more preferably within the range of 0.003% and 0.045%. Either or both inhibitor may be added to the gelled anode mix either alone or in combination in accordance with any of the embodiments described in this disclosure, unless otherwise specified.

EXAMPLES

[0047] Table 1 shows that the three-day gassing rate of gels containing the sulfonated surfactant and the phosphate ester in combination was appreciably suppressed relative to that of surfactant-free gels or to that of gels containing either surfactant alone. The gels of Table 1 were supplemented as shown either with RM-510 to 0.0035%, with Witconate 1840X to 0.0125%, or with both surfactants at the same concentrations, relative to the weight of zinc in the anode gel. TABLE 1 Three-day Gel Gassing Description of Gel sample μl/g/day No inhibitor 6.2 ± 1.0 RM-510 5.4 ± 0.9 Witconate 1840X 6.8 ± 0.6 Witconate 1840X + RM-510 3.9 ± 0.5

[0048] Table 2 summarizes partial discharge cell gassing measured in LR03 cells after discharge at 7.5 ohm to a 1.0 volt end voltage and storage for two weeks at 160° F. Overdischarge leakage was measured after continuous discharge at 10 ohms for 48 hours followed by room temperature storage for five weeks. Discharge performance of LR03 cells at 600 mA during 10 seconds per minute for 1 hour a day, was improved over the discharge performance of cells containing the phosphate ester alone. The gelled anode of otherwise conventional alkaline LR03 cells contained RM-510 to about 0.0035% either alone or in combination with Witconate 1840X to about 0.0125%, the amount of both surfactants being measured relative to the weight of zinc alloy in the anode. TABLE 2 Partial Overdischarge Discharge 600 mA Pulse Leakage Cell Gas No-delay % ml Cycles to 0.9 V Witconate + RM-510 20 0.36 ± 0.11 390.4 ± 3.5  RM-510 60 0.50 ± 0.23 362.2 ± 13.8

[0049] Further, Table 3 shows that the discharge performance at 500 mA of continuous discharge of the LR03 cells containing both surfactants in the gelled anode was superior to that of the cells that contained only the phosphate ester additive. Table 3 also shows that the high-rate constant current discharge performance after high temperature storage was significantly better in the LR03 cells containing both surfactants than in cells containing the phosphate ester alone. TABLE 3 500 mA 500 mA No-Delay 14 days at 130 ° F. Minutes to 0.9 V Minutes to 0.9 V Witconate + RM-510 52.6 ± 2.8 55.6 ± 1.7 RM-510 48.0 ± 0.9 53.0 ± 1.7

[0050] Electrochemical cells described herein are generally of the type having a positive current collector, and a cathode in contact with the positive current collector. The cell includes a gelled anode including at least a metal alloy powder (which could be a zinc alloy powder), a gelling agent, and an alkaline electrolyte. A separator is disposed between the cathode and the anode, and a negative current collector is in electrical contact with the anode.

[0051]FIG. 1A illustrates the gassing characteristics of a LR6 electrochemical cell (size AA) having various amounts of Witconate in combination with RM-510. The results indicate that anode gel gassing is reduced as Witconate is increasingly added to the anode. FIG. 1B illustrates the performance of the cell tested corresponding to data shown in FIG. 1A, and indicates that cell performance increases until reaching an optimal value before decreasing. Under the parameters of this test, a Witconate concentration of 125 ppm relative to the gelled anode mixture achieved optimal results, though any amount of Witconate present in the anode between 0 and 209 ppm increased cell performance compared to the control cell that was inhibitor free. FIG. 1C illustrates that the addition of Witconate and RM-510 in the anode of an electrochemical cell enables increased cell performance at 1 A of continuous discharge over a cell containing RM-510 alone, or a cell that is inhibitor free. The performance was measured using the amount of time needed for the cell to output 1 volt during discharge at 1 A.

[0052] It should be appreciated that electrochemical cells may be tested in accordance with several methods under the American National Standards Institute (ANSI). These tests include determining cell performance/longevity under situations of constant cell discharge, cell pulse discharge (i.e., repeated application of 1 A for a period of 10 seconds carried out every minute over the period of an hour per day), and intermittent cell discharge (i.e., a continuous discharge for repeated limited periods of time, for example one hour per day). The present invention recognizes that the various embodiments of the present invention increase cell performance under one or more of these tests, as will now be described.

[0053] For instance, FIG. 2 illustrates the ANSI results of a LR6 cell including zinc fines and RM-510 inhibitor that was tested at 3.90 hm 1 Hr/day of discharge. In particular, the life of the cell is measured under various conditions of KOH concentration (measured as a percentage by weight of total electrolyte, i.e., the KOH concentration) and under various amounts of RM-510 added to the anode. It is observed that the service life of the cell is increased as the concentration of KOH in the electrolyte is decreased from 38% to 33%, which reduces anode passivation. The present invention recognizes that advantages may be achieved in a cell whose electrolyte has a concentration of 30% to 40%. Furthermore, as is discussed in more detail below, cell performance may be enhanced using an anode gel having a KOH concentration between 20% and 30%. It is further observed that, while the addition of RM-510 alone is known to suppress gassing in the cell, overall cell performance is reduced as additional RM-510 is added. Nevertheless, the suppression of gassing is desirable to reduce the risk of increased internal cell pressure, which could cause electrolyte leakage and disrupt cell integrity.

[0054] Referring to FIG. 3 the performance of a LR6 cell having a KOH concentration of 34% and RM-510 and Witconate added to the cell anode was compared to a control cell having a KOH concentration of 34% and RM510 added to the anode. The cells were discharged at several constant current rates. The results indicate that reduction of KOH concentration in the electrolyte, and the addition of RM-510 and Witconate to the anode increases cell performance compared to conventional cells. Performance was determined based on the amount of time needed for the cell to reach a discharge voltage of 0.8V at 2.2 and 3.9 ohm, and 0.9 V at 250 mA and 500 mA.

[0055] The present invention recognizes that another factor that controls cell performance relates to the surface area of the anode. Specifically, increasing the active anode electrode surface area provides sufficient active reaction sites needed to keep up with the cathodic reaction at high discharge rates. Accordingly, cells are provided having a predetermined amount of zinc particles (which may either be in the form of zinc or a zinc alloy) added to the anode gel. The present invention contemplates zinc particles less than about 75 microns (−200 mesh size), that is, particles that pass a 200 mesh screen size are present in the anode in an amount less than approximately 10%, by weight relative to the total zinc in the anode (including coarse zinc particles), and preferably within the range of 1% and 10%, and more preferably between the range of 1% and 8%, and more preferably still within the range of 4% and 8%, it being appreciated that smaller particles further increase the effective surface area of the anode. Mesh sizes are stated herein to specify a range of particle sizes. For example, −200 mesh indicates particles smaller than 75 microns, while +200 mesh indicates particles larger than 75 microns. Alternatively still, desirable results may be attained using an amount of zinc fines greater than 10%, while the zinc particles having a diameter between 75 and 105 microns (+75 and −140 mesh size) may be present at anywhere between 1% and 50%, and more preferably between 10% and 40%, by weight of total zinc present in the anode.

[0056] The present invention recognizes that multiple ranges of zinc particles having a diameter less than 105 microns (−140 mesh size) including particles between 75 and 105 microns (+200 and −140 mesh size) and zinc fines less than 75 microns (−200 mesh size), may be used to increase cell performance. For instance, it has been discovered the anode may include zinc particles between 75 and 105 micrometers, and that the advantages in cell performance are enhanced when the anode gel has an electrolyte (KOH) concentration less than 30%, and preferably between 20% and 30%. When zinc fines have a size between the range of 20 and 75 micrometers (+625 and −200 mesh size), and preferably between 38 and 75 micrometers (+400 and −200 mesh size), cell performance is particularly enhanced when the KOH concentration is between 30% and 40%, and preferably between 33% and 38%. Yet another preferred range within the range of 20% and 40% KOH concentration is the range between 20% and 34%, and more preferably 25% and 33%, and more preferably still between 25% and 30%. A “low KOH concentration” as used in this disclosure refers to a KOH concentration within any of the above-stated ranges.

[0057] Even though improved cell performance has been correlated to the preferred ranges of zinc fine sizes in combination with the low KOH concentrations, one skilled in the art would also recognize the benefits of the addition of zinc fines and reduction of KOH individually. Accordingly, the present invention includes within its scope the addition of zinc fines to an anode gel having a size within any of the above-stated ranges either individually or in combination with any of the above-stated KOH concentrations. Likewise, the present invention includes within its scope an anode gel having a KOH concentration within any of the above-stated ranges either individually or in combination with zinc fines having a size within any of the above-stated ranges. Moreover, the above-stated zinc fines and/or KOH concentration may be implemented in a cell either alone or in combination with the inhibitors described herein (e.g., a phosphate surfactant and/or sulfonated surfactant).

[0058] For instance, referring now to FIG. 4, the service life of LR03 cells were tested and compared against a control cell having 4% fines added to the anode without an inhibitor. The control cell also included a concentration of 37% KOH. A first test cell included 4% zinc fines in combination with RM-510 inhibitor, while a second test cell included 8% zinc fines in combination with RM-510 inhibitor. A third test cell included the additives of the first test cell, but further included an oleic acid inhibitor. A fourth test cell included the additives of the second test cell, but further included an oleic inhibitor. All test cells included a concentration of 34% KOH. The cell performance was measured as the amount of time that elapsed before a cell output voltage of 0.9V was measured.

[0059] The decreasing cell performance component associated with the addition of RM-510 overcame the increasing cell performance component associated with the decrease of KOH concentration, as the service life of the first test cell was slightly reduced compared to the control cell. However, the addition of 4% fines to the second test cell (for a total of 8%) in combination with a reduced KOH concentration overcame the disadvantages of RM-510 and produced a cell having a greater service life than the control cell. The third test cell, which was identical to the first test cell but for the addition of an oleic acid inhibitor, produced a service life greater than both the first and second test cells. The fourth test cell, which was identical to the second test cell but for the addition of an oleic acid inhibitor, produced a service life greater than all other test cells. Accordingly, a cell having added zinc fines may achieve improved performance over a comparable cell without zinc fines, and the performance may be further enhanced when an oleic acid inhibitor is added to the anode.

[0060]FIG. 5 illustrates the results of various ANSI tests performed on a control cell and a test cell. The control cell had a KOH concentration of 37% and less than 5% zinc fines commonly present in the anode. The test cell had a KOH concentration of 34% and 8% zinc fines added to the anode. Both cells included a phosphate surfactant to suppress gassing. The separator was pre-wetted with 37% KOH concentration electrolyte for both cells. Both cells were tested at 1 A continuous, 1 A pulsed, 3.9 ohms at 1 hour/day, 250 mA at 1 hour/day, 10 ohm at 1 hour/day, and 43 ohm at 4 hours/day. In all cases, the test cell performed better than the control cell, thereby indicating that the reduction of KOH concentration from 37% and the addition of zinc fines increased cell performance. Cell performance was determined based on the amount of time that had elapsed for the cell to reach specific discharge voltages depending on the test. For instance, 1V was used for 1 A continuous discharge; 0.9V was used for 1 A pulse, 0.8V was used for 3.9 ohm 1 hr/day, 0.9V was used for 10 ohm 1 hr/day, and 0.9V was used for 43 ohm 4 hr/day.

[0061]FIG. 6 illustrates that cell performance may be increased further by reducing the KOH concentration in electrolyte that is used to pre-wet the separator of the cell. In particular, a control cell and a test cell were tested under the conditions described above with reference to FIG. 5. The control cell and test cell both included 8% zinc fines, and 34% KOH concentration in the anode. The separator of the control cell was pre-wetted with electrolyte having a 37% KOH concentration, while the separator of the test cell was pre-wetted with electrolyte having a 34% KOH concentration. The increased cell performance of the test cell may thus be attributed to the decreased KOH concentration used to pre-wet the separator. The present invention contemplates that a KOH concentration within the range of 20% and 40%, and more preferably 30%-40%, and more preferably still 33% and 38% used to pre-wet the separator will produce increased cell performance with decreasing KOH concentrations. A KOH concentration between 20% and 30%, and more preferably between 25% and 30% to pre-wet the separator may also increase cell performance. Cell performance is particularly increased when the cell is discharged intermittently or during a pulsed discharge, as excess water is available for the cathodic reaction, and hydroxide ions are thus replenished during the rest period of the cell to fuel the anodic reaction. Cell performance in FIG. 6 was determined based on the criteria discussed above with reference to FIG. 5.

[0062] While additional reaction sites at the anode tend to produce increased gassing, the addition of sulfonated or sulfated organic acid surfactant alone or in combination with an organic phosphate ester surfactant reduces the gassing, thereby increasing cell performance. Nevertheless, the skilled artisan appreciates that the present invention may include, either alone or in combination, the KOH concentrations described herein, the addition of zinc particles as described herein, and the addition of sulfonated or sulfated organic acid surfactant alone, or in combination with an organic phosphate ester surfactant, to the anode, to improve cell performance as described throughout this disclosure.

[0063]FIG. 7 illustrates the performance of an LR6 test cell having a KOH concentration of 34% in the anode gel, a separator pre-wetted with 34% KOH, and a mixture of RM-510 (at 12 ppm relative to the anode gel) and Witconate (at 125 ppm relative to the anode gel) added to the anode gel. The test cell was discharged, and its performance compared to a control cell having 34% KOH in the gel, and a separator pre-wetted with 34% KOH, but with no Witconate added to the gel. Both the test cell and the control cell included an anode having 8% zinc fines. The cell performance, as determined by the amount of time needed for the cell to output 0.9V during continuous discharge, was found to increase when the mixture of inhibitors was used with a reduced KOH concentration. FIG. 7 thus shows that the addition of sulfonated or sulfated organic acid surfactant in combination with the use of an organic phosphate ester surfactant suppresses what was previously thought to be adverse effects of a low KOH concentration on continuous discharge performance, without adversely affecting the intermittent and pulse discharge performance gains observed at low KOH concentrations, as shown in FIG. 6. The use of relatively low concentrations of KOH in the anode and pre-wet solutions (within any of the above-stated ranges) improves performance at high and low intermittent discharge rates.

[0064] As shown in FIGS. 9 and 10, respectively, otherwise conventional LR6 zinc manganese dioxide cells containing a mixture of amphoteric surfactants (MAFO 13 MOD1) at 65 ppm in the anode relative to zinc weight were discharged at 1 Amp (continuous) or at 250 mAmp (continuous) and in both cases a service life enhancement of at least about 20% was observed relative to conventional LR6 cells without the amphoteric surfactants.

[0065] Performance at 3.9 Ohm (continuous discharge) of LR6 cells containing the MAFO 13 MOD1 mixture of surfactants (30 ppm relative to gel weight including zinc at between 66 and 70%) was enhanced by between about 15 and 25% when 60 ppm Witconate 1840×surfactant was also blended into the anode. Similarly, performance at 3.9 Ohm (continuous discharge) of LR6 cells containing the MAFO 13 MOD1 mixture of surfactants (30 ppm relative to gel weight) was enhanced by between about 5 and 20% when 24 ppm RM510 surfactant was also blended into the anode. Similar results were observed at 360 mAmp discharge (continuous). In both cases, the observed improvements were dependent upon concentration of surfactants, such that discharge performance could be varied by adjusting the concentration of the various surfactant components in the anode.

[0066] Zinc oxidation rate was also improved when either the amphoteric surfactant mixture alone, the mixture with Witconate 1840X, or Witconate 1840X plus RM510 were provided in the anode. Zinc oxidation rate, measured by anodic polarization of zinc metal in the indicated environments, was depressed relative to environments lacking inhibitors. A depressed oxidation rate indicates a suppressed tendency to metal dissolution. Thus, corrosion and gassing are anticipated to be low, relative to inhibitor-free environments, in these environments. At both high and low continuous discharge rates, the metal dissolution stage during zinc oxidation also slow downs in the indicated environments, resulting in suppressed consumption of hydroxide ions to form soluble zincate and a slow down in zincate saturation. Thus, anode failure due to zincate saturation and oxide precipitation is delayed when a suitable inhibitor is provided to extend service life.

[0067] It was also observed that while average discharge performance at 3.9 ohm, 2.2 ohm and 360 mA (continuous) steadily decreased with increasing KOH concentration (31%-34%) in the electrolyte in the presence of 30 ppm of MAFO 13 MOD1, inclusion of 100 ppm Witconate with the MAFO 13 MOD1 in the anode yielded a 2% to 6% steady increase with increasing KOH concentration over and above the average performance of the highest performing cell containing the MAFO 13 MOD1 surfactant alone (31% KOH).

[0068] It was further observed that the rate of zinc oxidation as determined by zinc polarization in 34% KOH is lower when the electrolyte contains the amphoteric surfactant mixture at 60 ppm, a combination of RM510 and Witconate 1840X at 24 and 125 ppm, respectively, or a combination of Witconate 1840X and the amphoteric surfactant mixture at 30 ppm and 60 ppm respectively.

[0069] Anode passivation was compared at 1 Amp (continuous) discharge of zinc manganese dioxide alkaline cells with either an anode having a standard zinc particle size distribution at 66% zinc loading and either (1) 37% KOH electrolyte with 2% zinc oxide, (2) 34% KOH electrolyte with 2% zinc oxide, or (3) 30% KOH electrolyte with 2% zinc oxide. The anodic zinc tended to passivate quickly (40 minutes) at KOH concentrations below 37%, whereas longer discharge to endpoint was observed with conventional electrolyte. On the other hand, when zinc particles having a particle size distribution with a mode at 100 microns, was substituted for the standard zinc, discharge to endpoint at the reduced KOH concentrations was as good or better than the standard. The 100 micron zinc powder showed significantly less tendency to passivate at low electrolyte concentrations and anodes containing the 100 micron zinc powder showed significantly higher operating voltage and improved service life as compared to regular anodes.

[0070] Table 4 compares the performance in 100, 250 and 1000 mA continuous discharge tests of a conventional zinc anode with 37% KOH, 2% zinc oxide and an anode having the 100 micron zinc anode with 34% KOH, 2% zinc oxide). TABLE 4 Performance to 1.1 V Performance to 0.9 V Control 100 um Powder (PSD1) Control 100 um Powder (PSD1) Test Min Min % of Control Min Min % of Control  100 mA continous 1165.6 1178.3 101.1% 1410.3 1406.3  99.7%  250 mA continous 334.9 346.2 103.4% 467.3 458.3  98.4% 1000 mA continous 22.1 26.7 120.6% 51.3 55.0 107.3%

[0071] The inventive zinc particle size distribution was also tested in anodes of cylindrical zinc-air cells at about 66% to 72% zinc loading. The electrolyte concentration was varied from 28% to 37%.

[0072] When cylindrical zinc-air anodes having a zinc particle size distribution with a mode at about 100 microns (68% zinc loading, 28% KOH, 2% zinc oxide) were compared to anodes containing zinc particles having a conventional size distribution (70.5% zinc loading, 31 KOH, 2% zinc oxide), longer running times were observed for inventive anodes. Performance was 7% higher than control in the 0.95 watts continuous test and 15% higher in the 0.952 watts/1 min −0.286 watts/9 min pulse test. The operating voltage is also 30-50 mV higher than control. Superior results were also obtained when the inventive zinc anodes were tested against cylindrical zinc-air cells employing a conventional zinc particle distribution in the anode with 68% zinc loading and 31% or 28% KOH concentration.

[0073] The invention has been described in connection with what are presently considered to be the most practical and preferred embodiments. However, the present invention has been presented by way of illustration and is not intended to be limited to the disclosed embodiments. Accordingly, those skilled in the art will realize that the invention is intended to encompass all modifications and alternative arrangements included within the spirit and scope of the invention, as set forth by the appended claims. 

We claim:
 1. A gelled anode mixture comprising a metal alloy powder, a gelling agent, an alkaline electrolyte having a hydroxide concentration less than 40%, and at least one amphoteric surfactant.
 2. A gelled anode mixture as claimed in claim 1 wherein the amphoteric surfactant has a formula of Compound I.
 3. A gelled anode mixture as claimed in claim 2 further comprising an amphoteric surfactant having a formula of Compound II.
 4. A gelled anode mixture as claimed in claim 1 further comprising a surfactant having a general formula Y SOx⁻.
 5. A gelled anode mixture as claimed in claim 4 wherein Y is selected from the group consisting of an alkyl group, an aryl group, an alkylaryl group, a carboxy acid group, and a salt of any of the foregoing.
 6. A gelled anode mixture as claimed in claim 4 wherein the Y SOx⁻ surfactant is a salt of a sulfated octadecanoic acid.
 7. A gelled anode mixture as claimed in claim 4 wherein the Y SOx⁻ surfactant is a sodium salt of sulfated oleic acid.
 8. A gelled anode mixture as claimed in claim 4 wherein the Y SOx⁻ surfactant is selected from the group consisting of Witconate™ 1840X, Dyasulf 2031, Dymosol 2031, Freedom SOA-70, and Freedom SOA-70WV.
 9. A gelled anode mixture as claimed in claim 1 further comprising an organic phosphate ester surfactant.
 10. A gelled anode mixture as claimed in claim 9 wherein the organic phosphate ester surfactant is an ethylene oxide-adduct type organic phosphate ester.
 11. A gelled anode mixture as claimed in claim 9 wherein the organic phosphate ester surfactant is RM-510.
 12. A gelled anode mixture as claimed in claim 9 further comprising a surfactant having a general formula Y SOx⁻.
 13. A gelled anode mixture as claimed in claim 12 wherein Y is selected from the group consisting of an alkyl group, an aryl group, an alkylaryl group, a carboxy acid group, and a salt of any of the foregoing.
 14. A gelled anode mixture comprising a metal alloy powder, a gelling agent, an alkaline electrolyte having a hydroxide concentration less than 40%, wherein the metal alloy powder comprises zinc particles, at least 70% of the particles having a particle size within a 100 micron size range distribution, the distribution having a mode between about 100 and about 300 microns.
 15. A gelled anode mixture as claimed in claim 14 wherein the mode of the particle size distribution is about 100 microns.
 16. A gelled anode mixture as claimed in claim 14 wherein the mode of the particle size distribution is about 150 microns.
 17. A gelled anode mixture as claimed in claim 14 wherein the mode of the particle size distribution is about 250 microns.
 18. A gelled anode mixture as claimed in claim 14, wherein the electrolyte has an hydroxide concentration no higher than about 34%.
 19. A gelled anode mixture as claimed in claim 14, wherein the electrolyte has an hydroxide concentration no higher than about 30%.
 20. A gelled anode mixture as claimed in claim 14, wherein the electrolyte has an hydroxide concentration no higher than about 28%.
 21. A gelled anode mixture as claimed in claim 1, wherein the electrolyte comprises KOH.
 22. An alkaline electrochemical cell comprising: a positive current collector; a cathode in contact with the positive current collector; a gelled anode comprising a metal alloy powder, a gelling agent, an alkaline electrolyte having a hydroxide concentration less than 40%, and at least one amphoteric surfactant; a separator between the cathode and the anode; and a negative current collector in electrical contact with the anode.
 23. A alkaline electrochemical cell as claimed in claim 22 wherein the amphoteric surfactant has a formula of Compound I.
 24. A alkaline electrochemical cell as claimed in claim 23 further comprising an amphoteric surfactant having a formula of Compound II.
 25. A alkaline electrochemical cell as claimed in claim 22 further comprising a surfactant having a general formula Y SOx⁻.
 26. A alkaline electrochemical cell as claimed in claim 25 wherein Y is selected from the group consisting of an alkyl group, an aryl group, an alkylaryl group, a carboxy acid group, and a salt of any of the foregoing.
 27. A alkaline electrochemical cell as claimed in claim 25 wherein the Y SOx⁻ surfactant is a salt of a sulfated octadecanoic acid.
 28. A alkaline electrochemical cell as claimed in claim 25 wherein the Y SOx⁻ surfactant is a sodium salt of sulfated oleic acid.
 29. A alkaline electrochemical cell as claimed in claim 22 wherein the Y SOx⁻ surfactant is selected from the group consisting of Witconate™ 1840X, Dyasulf 2031, Dymosol 2031, Freedom SOA-70, and Freedom SOA-70WV.
 30. A alkaline electrochemical cell as claimed in claim 22 further comprising an organic phosphate ester surfactant.
 31. A alkaline electrochemical cell as claimed in claim 30 wherein the organic phosphate ester surfactant is an ethylene oxide-adduct type organic phosphate ester.
 32. A alkaline electrochemical cell as claimed in claim 30 wherein the organic phosphate ester surfactant is RM-510.
 33. A alkaline electrochemical cell as claimed in claim 30 further comprising a surfactant having a general formula Y SOx⁻.
 34. A alkaline electrochemical cell as claimed in claim 33 wherein Y is selected from the group consisting of an alkyl group, an aryl group, an alkylaryl group, a carboxy acid group, and a salt of any of the foregoing.
 35. An alkaline electrochemical cell comprising: a positive current collector; a cathode in contact with the positive current collector; a gelled anode comprising a metal alloy powder, a gelling agent, an alkaline electrolyte having a hydroxide concentration less than 40%, wherein the metal alloy powder comprises zinc particles, at least 70% of the particles having a particle size within a 100 micron size range distribution, the distribution having a mode between about 100 and about 300 microns; a separator between the cathode and the anode; and a negative current collector in electrical contact with the anode.
 36. A alkaline electrochemical cell as claimed in claim 35 wherein the mode of the particle size distribution is about 100 microns.
 37. A alkaline electrochemical cell as claimed in claim 35 wherein the mode of the particle size distribution is about 200 microns.
 38. A alkaline electrochemical cell as claimed in claim 35 wherein the mode of the particle size distribution is about 300 microns.
 39. A alkaline electrochemical cell as claimed in claim 35, wherein the electrolyte has an hydroxide concentration no higher than about 34%.
 40. A alkaline electrochemical cell as claimed in claim 35, wherein the electrolyte has an hydroxide concentration no higher than about 30%.
 41. A alkaline electrochemical cell as claimed in claim 35, wherein the electrolyte has an hydroxide concentration no higher than about 28%.
 42. A alkaline electrochemical cell as claimed in claim 35, wherein the electrolyte comprises KOH. 